sebbi TELETEXT P610 - AI LAW - EU AI ACT
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#### P610 THE EU AI ACT - EVERY ARTICLE (113)

ARTICLE 1: Subject matter
Applies from: 2 February 2025
Who it applies to: Everyone
Sets out what the Act is for: a single EU market for trustworthy, human-centric AI that protects health, safety and fundamental rights, while supporting innovation. It lays down rules on placing AI on the market, prohibited practices, high-risk requirements, transparency, general-purpose models, market surveillance and support for innovation.

ARTICLE 2: Scope
Applies from: 2 February 2025
Who it applies to: Providers, deployers, importers, distributors, product manufacturers, authorised representatives
Applies to providers placing AI on the EU market wherever they are based, to deployers in the EU, and to providers and deployers outside the EU whose AI output is used in the EU. Excludes military, defence and national security uses, pure scientific research, personal non-professional use and most free open-source AI unless it is high-risk, prohibited or covered by Article 50.

ARTICLE 3: Definitions
Applies from: 2 February 2025
Who it applies to: Everyone
Defines the 68 terms the Act relies on, including AI system, provider, deployer, high-risk, general-purpose AI model, systemic risk, substantial modification, serious incident and deep fake. See the definitions page for the key ones in plain English.

ARTICLE 4: AI literacy
Applies from: 2 February 2025
Who it applies to: Providers and deployers
Providers and deployers take measures to support a sufficient level of AI literacy among staff and others dealing with AI systems on their behalf, taking account of their knowledge, the context and the people affected. The 2026 Omnibus softened this from a direct duty to ensure literacy.

ARTICLE 5: Prohibited AI practices
Applies from: 2 February 2025 (new nudification and child abuse material ban from 2 December 2026)
Who it applies to: Everyone
Bans AI that manipulates people subliminally or deceptively to cause harm, exploits vulnerabilities of age, disability or social situation, social scoring, predicting crime from profiling alone, untargeted scraping of facial images, emotion recognition at work or in education (except medical or safety reasons), biometric categorisation to infer sensitive traits, and real-time remote biometric identification in public for law enforcement except in narrow cases. The 2026 Omnibus added AI that generates non-consensual intimate images or child sexual abuse material.

ARTICLE 6: Classification rules for high-risk AI systems
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Providers
An AI system is high-risk if it is a safety component of, or is itself, a product covered by the laws in Annex I that needs third-party conformity assessment, or if it falls in an Annex III area. An Annex III system is not high-risk if it does not pose a significant risk, for example it performs a narrow procedural task, but it is always high-risk if it profiles people. Providers who decide it is not high-risk must document that assessment and register.

ARTICLE 7: Amendments to Annex III
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: European Commission
Lets the Commission add or change high-risk use cases in Annex III by delegated act, using criteria such as the harm the AI could cause, how many people it affects, how reversible the outcome is and the imbalance of power.

ARTICLE 8: Compliance with the requirements
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Providers
High-risk AI systems must meet the requirements in Articles 9 to 15, taking account of their intended purpose and the state of the art. Products covered by Annex I laws can integrate the AI Act checks into existing procedures and documentation.

ARTICLE 9: Risk management system
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Providers
A continuous, documented risk management process across the whole lifecycle: identify and analyse foreseeable risks to health, safety and fundamental rights, estimate risks from intended use and foreseeable misuse, adopt measures, test the system and keep residual risk acceptable. Particular attention goes to effects on children and vulnerable groups.

ARTICLE 10: Data and data governance
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Providers
Training, validation and test data must be governed: design choices, collection, preparation, assumptions, availability and suitability documented; examined for bias that could affect health, safety or rights; relevant, representative and as error-free and complete as possible. Special category data may be processed strictly for bias detection and correction, with safeguards.

ARTICLE 11: Technical documentation
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Providers
Technical documentation, containing at least the elements in Annex IV, must be drawn up before the system goes on the market and kept up to date, showing how it meets the requirements. SMEs and start-ups may use a simplified form.

ARTICLE 12: Record-keeping
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Providers (design), deployers (keep)
High-risk systems must technically allow automatic recording of events (logs) over their lifetime, enough to identify risky situations and substantial modifications, support post-market monitoring and monitor operation. Remote biometric identification systems must log each use, the reference database, the matched input and who verified the result.

ARTICLE 13: Transparency and provision of information to deployers
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Providers
High-risk systems must be transparent enough for deployers to interpret and use the output, and come with clear instructions for use: the provider, the purpose, accuracy and robustness levels, known risks, human oversight measures, the computing resources needed and how logs are collected.

ARTICLE 14: Human oversight
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Providers (design), deployers (assign)
High-risk systems must be designed so people can oversee them effectively while in use: understand capabilities and limits, stay aware of automation bias, interpret output correctly, decide not to use it or override it, and stop it. For remote biometric identification, no action may be taken on a result unless it has been separately verified and confirmed by at least two natural persons.

ARTICLE 15: Accuracy, robustness and cybersecurity
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Providers
High-risk systems must achieve appropriate accuracy, robustness and cybersecurity throughout their lifecycle, with accuracy metrics declared in the instructions, resilience to errors and inconsistencies, measures against feedback loops in systems that keep learning, and protection against attacks such as data poisoning, model poisoning, adversarial examples and model flaws.

ARTICLE 16: Obligations of providers of high-risk AI systems
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Providers
Providers must ensure compliance with Articles 9 to 15, show their name and contact details, run a quality management system, keep documentation and logs, carry out conformity assessment, draw up the EU declaration of conformity, affix the CE marking, register, take corrective action, demonstrate conformity on request and meet accessibility requirements.

ARTICLE 17: Quality management system
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Providers
A documented quality management system covering regulatory strategy, design and development controls, testing and validation, data management, risk management, post-market monitoring, incident reporting, communication with authorities, record-keeping, resource management and accountability. The harmonised standard EN 18286:2026 gives a presumption of conformity.

ARTICLE 18: Documentation keeping
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Providers
Providers keep the technical documentation, quality management documentation, approved changes, notified body decisions and the EU declaration of conformity available to authorities for 10 years after the system is placed on the market.

ARTICLE 19: Automatically generated logs
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Providers
Providers keep the logs automatically generated by their high-risk systems, to the extent they control them, for a period appropriate to the purpose and at least six months, unless other law says otherwise.

ARTICLE 20: Corrective actions and duty of information
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Providers
A provider who considers a high-risk system non-compliant must immediately correct it, withdraw it, disable it or recall it, inform distributors, deployers and others, and where it presents a risk, inform the market surveillance authorities and notified body.

ARTICLE 21: Cooperation with competent authorities
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Providers
On a reasoned request, providers give authorities all information and documentation needed to show conformity, in an official EU language, and give access to logs they control.

ARTICLE 22: Authorised representatives of providers of high-risk AI systems
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Non-EU providers
Providers established outside the EU must appoint, by written mandate, an authorised representative in the EU before making a high-risk system available, who verifies the documentation, keeps it for 10 years, cooperates with authorities and can terminate the mandate if the provider breaches the Act.

ARTICLE 23: Obligations of importers
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Importers
Before placing a high-risk system on the market, importers verify that conformity assessment was done, the technical documentation exists, the CE marking and declaration are present and an authorised representative is appointed. They add their own name and keep documents for 10 years.

ARTICLE 24: Obligations of distributors
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Distributors
Before making a high-risk system available, distributors verify the CE marking, declaration of conformity and instructions, and that provider and importer met their obligations. They stop supply if they suspect non-compliance and cooperate with authorities.

ARTICLE 25: Responsibilities along the AI value chain
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Distributors, importers, deployers, third parties
Anyone who puts their name or trademark on a high-risk system, makes a substantial modification, or changes the purpose of a system so it becomes high-risk becomes its provider. Original providers must cooperate and hand over the information needed. Suppliers of tools, services, components or processes to high-risk providers must agree in writing to give necessary information.

ARTICLE 26: Obligations of deployers of high-risk AI systems
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Deployers
Deployers use the system as instructed, assign human oversight to competent, trained people with authority, ensure input data is relevant, monitor operation, report risks and serious incidents, keep logs for at least six months, inform workers before using it at work, inform people that decisions about them use high-risk AI, and cooperate with authorities. Public bodies must register their use.

ARTICLE 27: Fundamental rights impact assessment for high-risk AI systems
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Public bodies, private providers of public services, banks and insurers using certain Annex III systems
Before first use, these deployers assess the impact on fundamental rights: the processes, period and frequency of use, the people affected, specific risks of harm, human oversight measures and what happens if risks materialise, then notify the market surveillance authority of the results.

ARTICLE 28: Notifying authorities
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: Member States
Each Member State designates at least one notifying authority to assess, designate and notify conformity assessment bodies and monitor them, organised to avoid conflicts of interest and keep information confidential.

ARTICLE 29: Application of a conformity assessment body for notification
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: Conformity assessment bodies
Bodies apply for notification to the authority of their Member State, describing the assessment activities, the modules and the AI systems they are competent for, with an accreditation certificate where available.

ARTICLE 30: Notification procedure
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: Notifying authorities
Notifying authorities may only notify bodies that meet Article 31, informing the Commission and other Member States through the electronic notification tool; the body may act only if no objection is raised within the set period.

ARTICLE 31: Requirements relating to notified bodies
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: Notified bodies
Notified bodies must be legal entities under national law, independent of the providers they assess, impartial, competent, properly resourced and insured, and must protect confidential information.

ARTICLE 32: Presumption of conformity with requirements relating to notified bodies
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: Notified bodies
Bodies that meet the relevant harmonised standards are presumed to meet the Article 31 requirements in so far as the standards cover them.

ARTICLE 33: Subsidiaries of notified bodies and subcontracting
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: Notified bodies
Notified bodies may subcontract or use subsidiaries only if they meet the same requirements, with the provider's agreement, and remain fully responsible for the work.

ARTICLE 34: Operational obligations of notified bodies
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: Notified bodies
Notified bodies verify conformity of high-risk systems following the procedures in Article 43, avoid unnecessary burden, take account of provider size and give the notifying authority the documents it needs.

ARTICLE 35: Identification numbers and lists of notified bodies
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: European Commission
The Commission assigns each notified body a single identification number and publishes the list of notified bodies.

ARTICLE 36: Changes to notifications
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: Notifying authorities
Sets the procedure when a notified body stops meeting the requirements or ceases activity: restriction, suspension or withdrawal of notification, and transfer of its files.

ARTICLE 37: Challenge to the competence of notified bodies
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: European Commission
The Commission investigates cases where there are doubts about a notified body's competence and can ask the Member State to take corrective measures.

ARTICLE 38: Coordination of notified bodies
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: European Commission
The Commission ensures coordination and cooperation between notified bodies through a sectoral group.

ARTICLE 39: Conformity assessment bodies of third countries
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: Third-country bodies
Bodies established in countries with which the EU has an agreement may be authorised to carry out notified body activities.

ARTICLE 40: Harmonised standards and standardisation deliverables
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Providers
High-risk systems and general-purpose models that meet harmonised standards published in the Official Journal are presumed to meet the corresponding requirements. EN 18286:2026 (quality management, Article 17) was the first, cited on 14 October 2026.

ARTICLE 41: Common specifications
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: European Commission
Where harmonised standards are missing or insufficient, the Commission can adopt common specifications by implementing act; meeting them gives a presumption of conformity.

ARTICLE 42: Presumption of conformity with certain requirements
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Providers
Systems trained and tested on data reflecting the setting where they will be used are presumed to meet Article 10(4); systems certified under an EU cybersecurity scheme are presumed to meet Article 15's cybersecurity requirements.

ARTICLE 43: Conformity assessment
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Providers
Most Annex III systems use internal control (Annex VI). Biometric systems use internal control only if harmonised standards are fully applied, otherwise a notified body (Annex VII). Annex I products follow the assessment in their own sector law. A substantial modification means a new assessment.

ARTICLE 44: Certificates
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Notified bodies
Notified body certificates are valid for up to five years for Annex I products and four years for Annex III systems, can be extended, and can be suspended or withdrawn if requirements stop being met.

ARTICLE 45: Information obligations of notified bodies
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Notified bodies
Notified bodies inform the notifying authority and other notified bodies of certificates issued, refused, suspended or withdrawn.

ARTICLE 46: Derogation from conformity assessment procedure
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Market surveillance authorities
In exceptional cases of public security, protection of life and health or the environment, an authority may authorise a specific high-risk system before conformity assessment is complete, for a limited period.

ARTICLE 47: EU declaration of conformity
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Providers
Providers draw up a written, machine-readable, signed EU declaration of conformity for each high-risk system, containing the information in Annex V, keep it for 10 years and take responsibility for compliance.

ARTICLE 48: CE marking
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Providers
The CE marking is affixed visibly to the high-risk system, its packaging or documentation (digitally for digital systems), followed by the notified body's number where one was involved.

ARTICLE 49: Registration
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Providers, public-body deployers
Before placing an Annex III high-risk system on the market, the provider registers itself and the system in the EU database, as do providers who decided their Annex III system is not high-risk. Public-body deployers register their use. Law enforcement and migration systems go in a secure non-public section.

ARTICLE 50: Transparency obligations for providers and deployers of certain AI systems
Applies from: 2 August 2026 (systems already on the market have until 2 December 2026 to mark outputs)
Who it applies to: Providers and deployers
People must be told when they interact with an AI system unless obvious. AI-generated audio, image, video and text must be marked in a machine-readable, detectable way. Deployers of emotion recognition or biometric categorisation must inform people. Deep fakes must be disclosed, and AI-generated text published to inform the public on matters of public interest must be disclosed unless humanly reviewed and edited.

ARTICLE 51: Classification of general-purpose AI models as general-purpose AI models with systemic risk
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: Providers of general-purpose AI models
A general-purpose model has systemic risk if it has high-impact capabilities, presumed when training compute exceeds 10^25 floating-point operations, or if the Commission designates it using the Annex XIII criteria.

ARTICLE 52: Procedure
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: Providers of general-purpose AI models
Providers notify the Commission within two weeks once a model meets the systemic-risk threshold, can argue it does not present systemic risk, and can ask for reassessment. The Commission publishes a list of systemic-risk models.

ARTICLE 53: Obligations for providers of general-purpose AI models
Applies from: 2 August 2025 (models placed on the market before then: by 2 August 2027)
Who it applies to: Providers of general-purpose AI models
Providers keep technical documentation (Annex XI, including known or estimated energy consumption), give downstream providers the information they need (Annex XII), put in place a policy to comply with EU copyright law including opt-outs, and publish a sufficiently detailed summary of training content. Free open-source models are exempt from the first two unless they have systemic risk.

ARTICLE 54: Authorised representatives of providers of general-purpose AI models
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: Non-EU providers of general-purpose AI models
Providers outside the EU appoint an authorised representative in the EU by written mandate before placing a model on the market.

ARTICLE 55: Obligations of providers of general-purpose AI models with systemic risk
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: Providers of systemic-risk models
On top of Article 53: evaluate the model using state-of-the-art protocols including adversarial testing, assess and mitigate systemic risks, track and report serious incidents to the AI Office without undue delay, and ensure adequate cybersecurity for the model and its infrastructure.

ARTICLE 56: Codes of practice
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: AI Office, providers of general-purpose AI models
The AI Office encourages codes of practice covering the general-purpose model obligations. Adhering to an approved code can be used to show compliance until harmonised standards exist. The General-Purpose AI Code of Practice was published in July 2025.

ARTICLE 57: AI regulatory sandboxes
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Member States, providers
Each Member State has at least one AI regulatory sandbox, a controlled environment where providers develop, train and test innovative AI under supervision for a limited time. Participants who follow the sandbox plan in good faith are not fined for infringements of this Act.

ARTICLE 58: Detailed arrangements for, and functioning of, AI regulatory sandboxes
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: European Commission, Member States
Sets common rules for sandboxes: eligibility, selection, application, participation, exit reports and free access for SMEs and start-ups.

ARTICLE 59: Further processing of personal data for developing certain AI systems in the public interest in the AI regulatory sandbox
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Sandbox participants
Personal data lawfully collected for other purposes may be used in a sandbox to develop AI in the public interest (such as public health, the environment, energy, transport) under strict safeguards.

ARTICLE 60: Testing of high-risk AI systems in real world conditions outside AI regulatory sandboxes
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Providers
Providers may test Annex III high-risk systems in real-world conditions before market placement under a plan approved by the market surveillance authority, registered, limited in time, with oversight and informed consent.

ARTICLE 61: Informed consent to participate in testing in real world conditions outside AI regulatory sandboxes
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Providers
Participants in real-world testing must give freely given, informed consent after being told the nature, objectives, duration and their rights, including to withdraw at any time without detriment.

ARTICLE 62: Measures for providers and deployers, in particular SMEs, including start-ups
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Member States
Member States give SMEs and start-ups priority sandbox access, awareness-raising, training and dedicated communication channels, and conformity assessment fees take their size into account. The 2026 Omnibus extended some relief to small mid-caps.

ARTICLE 63: Derogations for specific operators
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Microenterprises
Microenterprises may comply with certain quality management system elements in a simplified way.

ARTICLE 64: AI Office
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: European Commission
The Commission develops EU expertise in AI through the AI Office, which supervises general-purpose AI models and supports implementation.

ARTICLE 65: Establishment and structure of the European Artificial Intelligence Board
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: Member States
Creates the European AI Board of one representative per Member State, with the European Data Protection Supervisor as observer, to ensure consistent application.

ARTICLE 66: Tasks of the Board
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: AI Board
The Board advises and assists the Commission and Member States: coordinating authorities, sharing expertise, issuing opinions and recommendations, and supporting harmonised practices.

ARTICLE 67: Advisory forum
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: Stakeholders
An advisory forum of industry, start-ups, SMEs, civil society and academia gives technical expertise to the Board and Commission.

ARTICLE 68: Scientific panel of independent experts
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: Independent experts
A scientific panel of independent experts supports enforcement, in particular for general-purpose AI models, and can issue qualified alerts about systemic risks.

ARTICLE 69: Access to the pool of experts by the Member States
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: Member States
Member States can call on the scientific panel's experts to support their enforcement activities.

ARTICLE 70: Designation of national competent authorities and single points of contact
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: Member States
Each Member State designates at least one notifying authority and one market surveillance authority, with a single point of contact, adequately resourced and independent.

ARTICLE 71: EU database for high-risk AI systems listed in Annex III
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: European Commission
The Commission maintains a public EU database containing the registration information from Articles 49 and 60, with law enforcement and migration entries in a secure non-public section.

ARTICLE 72: Post-market monitoring by providers and post-market monitoring plan for high-risk AI systems
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Providers
Providers run a post-market monitoring system that actively collects and analyses data on performance throughout the system's life, based on a post-market monitoring plan that forms part of the technical documentation.

ARTICLE 73: Reporting of serious incidents
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Providers (deployers inform providers)
Providers report serious incidents to the market surveillance authority immediately after establishing a causal link, and no later than 15 days after becoming aware; no later than 2 days for widespread infringements or serious disruption of critical infrastructure; no later than 10 days in case of death. They then investigate and take corrective action.

ARTICLE 74: Market surveillance and control of AI systems in the Union market
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Market surveillance authorities
Applies the EU market surveillance regulation to AI systems: authorities can access documentation, data and, where necessary, source code, and act against non-compliant or risky systems. Financial supervisors oversee AI used by financial institutions.

ARTICLE 75: Mutual assistance, market surveillance and control of general-purpose AI systems
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: AI Office, market surveillance authorities
Where an AI system is built on a general-purpose model from the same provider, the AI Office supervises it; authorities cooperate when they suspect non-compliance.

ARTICLE 76: Supervision of testing in real world conditions by market surveillance authorities
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Market surveillance authorities
Authorities supervise real-world testing, can require information and can suspend or stop testing that does not meet the conditions or presents a risk.

ARTICLE 77: Powers of authorities protecting fundamental rights
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Equality bodies, data protection authorities and others
Authorities that protect fundamental rights may request and access documentation created under the Act and can ask the market surveillance authority to organise testing.

ARTICLE 78: Confidentiality
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: All authorities and bodies
Everyone involved in applying the Act respects the confidentiality of information obtained, including intellectual property, trade secrets and source code, and protects security interests.

ARTICLE 79: Procedure at national level for dealing with AI systems presenting a risk
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Market surveillance authorities
If an authority believes an AI system presents a risk to health, safety or fundamental rights, it evaluates it and can require corrective action, withdrawal or recall, informing the Commission and other Member States.

ARTICLE 80: Procedure for dealing with AI systems classified by the provider as non-high-risk in application of Annex III
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Market surveillance authorities
If an authority believes a provider wrongly classified an Annex III system as not high-risk, it evaluates it and can require the provider to bring it into compliance, with fines where the misclassification was to avoid the rules.

ARTICLE 81: Union safeguard procedure
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: European Commission
Resolves objections between Member States about national measures against an AI system; the Commission decides whether the measure is justified.

ARTICLE 82: Compliant AI systems which present a risk
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Market surveillance authorities
Even a compliant high-risk system can be subject to measures if it still presents a risk to health, safety, fundamental rights or the public interest.

ARTICLE 83: Formal non-compliance
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Market surveillance authorities
Authorities require providers to put right formal failures such as missing CE marking, declaration of conformity, registration or authorised representative, and can restrict or withdraw the system if they are not.

ARTICLE 84: Union AI testing support structures
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: European Commission
The Commission designates Union AI testing support structures to give independent technical advice to market surveillance authorities.

ARTICLE 85: Right to lodge a complaint with a market surveillance authority
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Anyone
Any person with grounds to consider the Act has been infringed can submit a complaint to the relevant market surveillance authority.

ARTICLE 86: Right to explanation of individual decision-making
Applies from: With the high-risk rules: 2 December 2027 (Annex III systems), 2 August 2028 (Annex I products)
Who it applies to: Deployers
A person subject to a decision based on output from an Annex III high-risk system that produces legal effects or similarly significantly affects them has the right to a clear and meaningful explanation of the role of the AI in the decision and its main elements.

ARTICLE 87: Reporting of infringements and protection of reporting persons
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Whistleblowers
The EU Whistleblower Directive applies to reporting infringements of the AI Act and protects people who report them.

ARTICLE 88: Enforcement of the obligations of providers of general-purpose AI models
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: European Commission, AI Office
The Commission has exclusive powers to supervise and enforce the general-purpose model obligations, entrusted to the AI Office.

ARTICLE 89: Monitoring actions
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: AI Office
The AI Office monitors compliance by general-purpose model providers, including adherence to codes of practice, and downstream providers can complain about infringements.

ARTICLE 90: Alerts of systemic risks by the scientific panel
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Scientific panel
The scientific panel can send the AI Office a qualified alert when it suspects a general-purpose model poses concrete systemic risk or meets the systemic-risk conditions.

ARTICLE 91: Power to request documentation and information
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: European Commission
The Commission can request documentation and information from general-purpose model providers, with deadlines and fines for incorrect or incomplete answers.

ARTICLE 92: Power to conduct evaluations
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: AI Office
The AI Office can evaluate a general-purpose model, including through independent experts and API or source-code access, to assess compliance or systemic risks.

ARTICLE 93: Power to request measures
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: European Commission
The Commission can require general-purpose model providers to take compliance measures, mitigate systemic risks, or restrict, withdraw or recall the model.

ARTICLE 94: Procedural rights of economic operators of the general-purpose AI model
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Providers of general-purpose AI models
The procedural rights of the EU market surveillance regulation, including the right to be heard, apply to general-purpose model providers.

ARTICLE 95: Codes of conduct for voluntary application of specific requirements
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Providers and deployers of non-high-risk AI
The AI Office and Member States encourage voluntary codes of conduct applying high-risk requirements, environmental sustainability, AI literacy, inclusive design and other goals to AI that is not high-risk.

ARTICLE 96: Guidelines from the Commission on the implementation of this Regulation
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: European Commission
The Commission issues guidelines on practical implementation, including the definition of an AI system, prohibited practices, high-risk classification, transparency and the relationship with other EU law.

ARTICLE 97: Exercise of the delegation
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: European Commission
Sets the conditions under which the Commission may adopt delegated acts under the Act, for five years renewable, which Parliament and Council can revoke or object to.

ARTICLE 98: Committee procedure
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: European Commission
The Commission is assisted by a committee of Member State representatives when adopting implementing acts.

ARTICLE 99: Penalties
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: Everyone subject to the Act
Member States set effective, proportionate and dissuasive penalties. Prohibited practices: up to EUR 35 million or 7% of worldwide annual turnover. Most other obligations: up to EUR 15 million or 3%. Supplying incorrect or misleading information: up to EUR 7.5 million or 1%. For SMEs and start-ups the lower amount applies.

ARTICLE 100: Administrative fines on Union institutions, bodies, offices and agencies
Applies from: 2 August 2025
Who it applies to: EU institutions
The European Data Protection Supervisor can fine EU institutions up to EUR 1.5 million for prohibited practices and EUR 750,000 for other breaches.

ARTICLE 101: Fines for providers of general-purpose AI models
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Providers of general-purpose AI models
The Commission can fine general-purpose model providers up to EUR 15 million or 3% of worldwide annual turnover for intentional or negligent breaches, failing to supply information or not complying with measures.

ARTICLE 102: Amendment to Regulation (EC) No 300/2008
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Aviation security
Requires AI Act high-risk requirements to be taken into account when adopting implementing rules on civil aviation security equipment.

ARTICLE 103: Amendment to Regulation (EU) No 167/2013
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Agricultural vehicles
Requires AI Act high-risk requirements to be taken into account for AI safety components in agricultural and forestry vehicles.

ARTICLE 104: Amendment to Regulation (EU) No 168/2013
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Two- and three-wheel vehicles
Requires AI Act high-risk requirements to be taken into account for AI safety components in two- and three-wheel vehicles and quadricycles.

ARTICLE 105: Amendment to Directive 2014/90/EU
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Marine equipment
Requires AI Act high-risk requirements to be taken into account for AI safety components in marine equipment.

ARTICLE 106: Amendment to Directive (EU) 2016/797
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Rail
Requires AI Act high-risk requirements to be taken into account for AI safety components in rail interoperability.

ARTICLE 107: Amendment to Regulation (EU) 2018/858
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Motor vehicles
Requires AI Act high-risk requirements to be taken into account for AI safety components in motor vehicle type-approval.

ARTICLE 108: Amendment to Regulation (EU) 2018/1139
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Civil aviation
Requires AI Act high-risk requirements to be taken into account for AI in civil aviation under the EASA framework.

ARTICLE 109: Amendment to Regulation (EU) 2019/2144
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Vehicle general safety
Requires AI Act high-risk requirements to be taken into account for AI safety components under the vehicle general safety regulation.

ARTICLE 110: Amendment to Directive (EU) 2020/1828
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Consumers
Adds the AI Act to the laws covered by EU representative actions, so qualified entities can bring collective actions for consumers.

ARTICLE 111: AI systems already placed on the market or put into service and general-purpose AI models already placed on the market
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: Providers and deployers of existing systems
Existing high-risk systems are covered only once significantly changed in design, except those used by public authorities, which must comply by a set deadline. Large-scale EU IT systems in Annex X have until 31 December 2030. General-purpose models already on the market by 2 August 2025 must comply by 2 August 2027.

ARTICLE 112: Evaluation and review
Applies from: 2 August 2026
Who it applies to: European Commission
The Commission reviews the Act regularly, including Annex III and the list of prohibited practices yearly, the AI Office's functioning and the need for amendments, and reports to Parliament and Council.

ARTICLE 113: Entry into force and application
Applies from: Entered into force 1 August 2024
Who it applies to: Everyone
The Act entered into force on 1 August 2024. Chapters I and II apply from 2 February 2025; notified bodies, general-purpose models, governance, confidentiality and penalties from 2 August 2025; most of the rest from 2 August 2026. As amended in 2026, high-risk Annex III rules apply from 2 December 2027 and Annex I product rules from 2 August 2028.
Official text: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj


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